问题 | 人权与环境保护在英国 |
释义 | EvaluatetherelevanceforbusinessofhumanrightsprovisionsinthecontextofenvironmentprotectionContentsI.IntroductionII.RelationshipbetweenHumanRightsandEnvironmentalProtectionIII.EnvironmentalHumanRightsIV.HumanRightsApproachestoEnvironmentalProtectioninPracticeV.AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofaHumanRightsApproachVI.ConclusionI.IntroductionTheUnitedNationsUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsdoesnotmentionpollution—environmentalprotectionreceivedscantattentionin1948.Inthosedaystheadverseimpactsofenvironmentalharmwasnotmuchfeltbythepeople.TheissueofenvironmentalprotectionandhumanrightsstartedfromtheUNConferenceonHumanEnvironmentStockholmDeclaration”in1972,inwhich,principle1statesmanhasthefundamentalrighttofreedom,equalityandadequateconditionsoflife,inanenvironmentofaqualitythatpermitsalifeofdignityandwellbeing”.SincetheRioDeclarationofEnvironment”in1992,whichleadtomoreimportantdevelopments,thenexuswerecautiousinacceptingthatinternationalenvironmentalpolicyhaddevelopedintoaregimeofinternationallaw”.Anumberofcasesanddevelopmentthathappenedinthisfielddemonstratetherisinguniversalawarenessofurgentactionattheregional,national,andinternational.Recently,thisissueiswidelyconsideredsincetheUKgovernmentpublishedaWhitePaper,bringingrightshome”togetherwiththeHumanRightsBill.TheHumanRightsAct1998introducesprovisionsthattouchmostareasofprivateandbusinesslifeandunquestionablyhasthepotentialtobringaboutfundamentalchangesforBritishpeople,whowillthenbeabletoassertandenforcetheirrightsundertheConventionthroughalltheordinaryUnitedKingdomcourtsandtribunals,ratherthanrelyingsolelyonabelatedremedyfromtheEuropeanCourtofHumanRightsinStrasbourg.Thischangewillcomeatsomepracticalcost.Oncetheconventionisincorporated,therewillundoubtedlybeaprotractedperiodofuncertaintyandaflurryofcaselaw”.Ontheotherhand,inthewordsofLordScarman,itmaybelittlemorethananopportunitytofreshenuptheprinciplesofcommonlaw”.Ortheother,onemustbearinmindthenownotoriouswordsofaseniorScottishjudge,LordMcCluskey,whohascitedtheexperienceoftheintroductionofasimilarCharterofRightsinCanadaandthewordsofaCanadiansenatorthatitwillbeafielddayforcrackpots,apainintheneckforjudgesandagoldmineforlawyers”.Againstthatbackground,thisarticleattemptstoaddressthelinkbetweenhumanrightsandtheenvironmentalprotection,reviewtherelativecasesinpractice,andtrytoevaluatetherelevanceforbusinessofhumanrightinthecontextofenvironmentalprotection. |
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